“Agricultural Waste Management Through a Biorefineries”

Digeesh Jha (2K18/BT/012)

Chelsea (2K18/BT/009)

Paritosh (2K18/BT/028)

Final Year Students of Delhi Technological University, Biotechnology

ABSTRACT

The large amount of agricultural waste production in India has increased the demand for potential waste management applications. Therefore, biofuel production from animal and agricultural waste has been considered as a potential for a new source of renewable energy as well as a solution to waste management.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of biogas from agricultural waste in India and present potential biological applications for converting waste into biogas.

The study showed that the highest amount of animal waste was produced in 2016 at about 229 million tonnes and the total biogas generation capacity was 16988.97 million m3 which could be converted into electricity at 16.68_107 MWh. This study also introduced suitable conversion techniques as well as the mechanism of biogas production from animal waste and related mathematical equations to calculate the amount of total biogas production.

The work also documented the latest advances in large-scale biogas production by government and non-governmental organizations. In addition to the analysis of biogas production, environmental impacts are also shown in this study of biogas application. A net reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 4.42 million tonnes could have been achieved by generating diesel power with 29 million tonnes of organic fertilizer. The study also proposed a management plan to improve the current waste disposal situation in India. Furthermore, this report has comprehensively outlined the landscape of biogas production and applications across the globe.

The biorefinery strives to maximize product mix and value while contributing to the bio-economy. Circularity and recycling are some important but often neglected concepts in this context. Therefore, biogas solution in biorefineries may be an important technology for improving stability. This review analyzed this relationship between biogas solutions and biorefineries by assessing the added value and development potential to which biogas solutions can contribute.

INTRODUCTION

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), biorefinery is “the continuous processing of biomass into a range of marketable products (food, feed, materials and chemicals) and energy (fuel, electricity, heat)”. It is also a concept that is gaining recognition and importance driven by the needs of the industry for business development and resource efficiency, as well as policies to promote the sustainable use of biomass.

In particular, biorefineries can play an important role in the path of a bio-economy in which renewable and bio-based materials replace fossil products. Since the sustainability performance of a biorefinery is strongly linked to the product portfolio and reducing waste generation, consideration of any potential end-of-stream material recovery and reuse in relation to this energy recovery step as well as success and development of a biorefinery.

Biogas is a gas that is produced after anaerobic fermentation of organic matter by microorganisms. Biogas has been used in India for a long time, but technology improvements are needed to improve energy production. The Indian energy landscape and the drivers for bioenergy regularization in India are discussed in the overview. Biofuels are able to reduce oil imports and pollution; Hence these can be the best options to meet the energy needs of India [4].

Although the Indian population has traditionally been dependent on biofuels such as cow dung, wood, etc., there are problems associated with it, such as pollution. For example, in rural India, the use of firewood has been observed to impair women’s health [5].

In the agriculture, forestry and marine sectors, this analysis shows that biogas solutions contribute a number of additional values, including making biorefineries more sustainable and competitive. The study also shows that biogas solutions can enable the growth of biorefineries by making the system more flexible and versatile and improving the value of the product portfolio.

India’s per capita energy consumption decreases as its population increases, which has a direct impact on the national economy. Biogas technology promises to achieve sustainable energy yields without harming the environment. Waste management, slurry production, health care and employment base are the benefits of the biogas system.

The use of biogas secures the renewable energy supply and compensation for greenhouse gases. India has a long tradition of using biogas, but technology, applications and deployment strategies need improvement. Centralizing bioenergy in urban areas and decentralizing it in rural areas can help the government reduce both the import of fuel derivatives and the cost of solid waste processing.

It aims to highlight the potential of technology to bring about social and economic stability in India. This overview describes the demand for energy sources, drivers for bioenergy use, economic, social and environmental benefits of biogas regulation in India, highlighting biogas as an ideal sustainable energy source along with its potential applications.

Inefficient cooking is observed using conventional cooking stoves with an efficiency range of 10–14% [6]. Hence, there is a need for energy to meet the energy demand in India and which is environment friendly. To meet the energy needs of the Indian population, the strategy should focus on seven basic goals, namely, minimizing costs, maximizing efficiency, generating jobs, system reliability, minimizing petroleum products, and utilizing local resources. Maximizing use and minimizing emissions [7].

Modern village is not just a place of conscious plant cultivation and animal husbandry

food purposes, but also a sector with a wide range of manufacturing and service activities. Activities in the areas of substrate production and the implementation of manufacturing and service processes in the energy sector are important from the concept of multifunctional rural development, sustainable development and transition to low-carbon development. As an energy source, biogas can play an important role in the low-carbon energy transition.

Economic and social function of agricultural biogas plants, relevant to the development of

Low carbon economy includes:

• Additional opportunities for farmers to manage waste from agricultural production, which can also reduce the amount of organic waste.
• Improved efficiency when handling residues from plant and animal production and waste from industrial processing of agricultural raw materials.
• Development of low carbon energy sources in rural areas – biomass production on barren land, etc.
• Modernization of road and storage infrastructure in rural areas.
• Development of decentralized energy production based on local energy resources.
• Improving energy self-sufficiency of farms.
• Additional sources of income for farmers and rural residents.
• To promote the use of energy from renewable sources among the residents of rural areas.

Biogas production has many advantages from an economic point of view. local and regional

Growth opportunities, including the creation of new jobs, are particularly important in rural areas. In addition, agricultural biogas plants can improve the image of the areas in which they operate. These areas can be considered as adaptable to modern and new technologies. This could attract further investment, including “green”. An important element of social factors is the education of the residents of rural areas. The idea of ​​building educational centers and campuses in biogas plants sounds like an interesting solution.

AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Agricultural waste that flows directly into surface waters typically contains nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), biodegradable organic carbon, pesticide residues, and faecal coliform bacteria (bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and animals). indicating contamination from waste). ..) feedlots, which contain large numbers of animals in relatively small enclosures, provide an efficient way of raising animals for food.

Nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3) and nitrate derivatives (-NO3−) are among plant nutrients that can cause eutrophication. Nitrate accumulation from wastewater pollution and fertilizer runoff is not as important as phosphate because aquatic ecosystems are not sensitive to increased nitrate levels.

Nitrogen is usually found in a form that plants cannot use (ie nitrogen gas), but it can be used by the decomposition of dead water plants and by blue-green algae, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and nitrates. convert what plants can use. This subtle interdependence reflects the complexity of relationships within an aquatic ecosystem. The best way to prevent this type of pollution is to stop human excreta, animal manure and fertilizer from flowing into the rivers.

Feedlot drainage (and drainage from intensive poultry farming) creates an extremely high potential for water pollution. Aquaculture faces a similar problem because waste is concentrated in a relatively small area. Even relatively low animal densities can significantly degrade water quality if animals are allowed to traverse the sides of a water system or if runoff from slurry ponds is allowed to flow into nearby waterways.

Both surface and groundwater pollution are common in agricultural areas due to the widespread use of fertilizers and pesticides.

BIOMASS-BASED ENERGY PRODUCTION – BIOGAS

Energy is a complex system; Energy generation and energy conversion therefore require systemic thinking, which first requires a change in perspective. The primary approach is to cover the energy requirement with as little environmental pollution as possible. In addition, ecological thinking should play a greater role in the planning and operation of a variety of technical systems and facilities [1].

It can be said that a biomass-based energy system can mean the necessary conversion of energy structure. Researchers from many domestic and foreign universities and research institutes have gained expertise in the feasibility of biogas production from various types of biomass. Braun [2] studied the types and degradation characteristics of the starting material, while Labresse and Müller et al. and Borbelli [3, 4, 22] studied the anaerobic degradation of a variety of pig manure-based substrates and investigated the performance-enhancing effect of pre-treatment processes and the kinetics of cellulose.

Gunaseelan, Lehtomaki et al., Mata et al. and Panichanamsin et al. [5-8] Studied the fermentation of manure and a variety of plant additives. In their experiments, positive synergistic effects likely led to higher methane productivity. They found that high levels of beet doping lead to higher hydrogen sulfide content in the biogas and lower methane productivity with increased additive levels.

Houdkova et al built a laboratory fermentation plant for experimental determination of biogas production [9]. Kalyuzny et al. [10] Studied integrated mechanical, biological and physico-chemical treatment of pig manure. He created a mathematical model of anaerobic decomposition and covered and described the most important control factors with numerical experiments. Meanwhile, Misra [23] also stresses on the development of a practical model for empirical verification.

UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS IN GAS

Engine biogas is a gaseous substance similar to natural gas and can be used in many ways. Compared to natural gas, biogas has different combustion and composition properties and therefore requires a different system of prerequisites than natural gas combustion [11]. One way biogas is used is in combustion engines. The National Basic Research Institute for Combustion Technology investigated the feasibility of burning low-calorie gases with inert components, including biogas, the technical and economic implications of their use, and the combustion properties of biogas [12, 13].

By presenting research on biogas production and use at the same time, we wanted to show the relationship between agriculture and energy; We looked at the waste problem of pig farms with a few hundred pigs and the possibility of treating pig manure and the feasibility of building a stationary power generation plant.

When using biogas in spark-ignited combustion engines, knowledge can be gained about the effects of biogas from various basic and additive materials on the operation of gas engines, in particular emissions.

POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS

The decomposition and biological stabilization of waste in bioreactor landfills can be accomplished in much less time than in conventional “dry-grave” landfills. This could potentially reduce the long-term environmental risks and costs of landfill operations and subsequent closures. Potential benefits of bioreactors include the following:

• Decomposition and biological stabilization over years versus decades in “dry graves”
• Waste toxicity and decreased mobility due to both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
• low leachate disposal cost
• Increase in landfill area due to increase in waste mass density by 15 to 30 percent
• Significantly increased LFG production that, if detected, can be used or sold for on-site energy use
• Reduction in aftercare

Due to the degradation of organic matter and sequestration of inorganic matter, research has shown that MSW can be rapidly degraded and made less hazardous by increasing and controlling moisture in landfills under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions. The quality of leachate in the bioreactor is rapidly improved, resulting in reduced leachate disposal cost. Landfill volumes can also be reduced because the recovered airspace provides landfill operators with the full operational lifetime of the landfill.

BIOGAS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES

The main biomass feedstocks available in India include rice bran, bagasse, sugarcane bran, leaf debris, groundnut shells, cotton stalks, coconut scraps, mustard stalks and agricultural product waste.

Various methods are used to improve biogas production and methane yield, e.g. b. The use of additives with organic matter as substrate, sludge recycling, optimization of operating parameters for the process, change of reactor type and other configurations of biofilms [30]. Biogas has long been produced from animal manure and kitchen waste, but for maximum yield reactors are optimized not only in terms of size and type, but also the substrates tested.

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Biomass burning plays a major role in air pollution in rural India. in the case of the Ganges river basin; Average air pollution is well above Indian and WHO health standards [41]. Due to the products formed during incomplete combustion, conventional biomass stoves generate significant greenhouse gas emissions [42]. An analysis of data for the years 1901 to 2005 shows that India’s annual mean temperature increased by 0.51 °C during this period. However, since 1990 there has been a steady increase in minimum temperatures and the rate of increase is slightly higher than that of maximum temperatures [43].

Fig. Potential social impact of biogas technology on Indian population[40]

In addition to climate change, biogas also has the potential to tackle environmental problems such as eutrophication, acidification, and air pollution [45]. The environment is affected by emissions of ammonia, nitrate and nitrite runoff from waste manure and manure use, which contribute to eutrophication and acidification. Borgesson has shown a significant reduction of these contributions, up to 97%, through the use of biogas technology [45]. When cooking, biogas stoves have higher combustion efficiencies than conventional biomass or fossil fuel (kerosene/LPG) stoves, and biogas stoves contribute the least to greenhouse gases.

Some of environmental benefits are listed down;

• CO2 reduction via fossil fuel substitution
• Land reclamation via forestry (development of biomass generating forest), community and farm lands.
• Biomass conservation to reduce pressure on trees and forests

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS

• Lighting and safe drinking water supply for 2,500 homes
• Supply of cooking fuel (biogas) to all households.
• Irrigation on at least half an acre for each household
• Development of agro-industrial units, employment and income generation empowerment
• Reducing the labor of women and children

CONCLUSION

Since energy is one of the driving forces behind the development of the country, India should produce enough of it. To meet the electricity needs of the growing population in India, there is a need for sustainable energy sources. In addition to energy solutions, the environment should also be well balanced. To achieve socio-economic stability, India should start developing energy from renewable sources like bioenergy.

Biogas, a traditional energy generation technology, holds promise for meeting the energy needs of both urban and rural populations. Biogas systems have many advantages, such as: B. Waste-to-energy conversion, NPK-rich fertilizers, easy operation for urban and rural people. Biogas is helpful for agriculture and hence can improve the condition of farmers. Technology may be lacking somewhere, but new adjustments in technology can solve problems. The future aspirations of biogas technology lie in the areas of transportation fuel, fuel cell, power generation and industrial scale heat generation etc.

Biogas can bring economic, social and ecological progress. The conditions available in India such as climate, biomass availability and practical operations are encouraging for biogas production and use. Various designs, construction strategies and government policies are being developed and some are planned to be developed to achieve higher methane yields, higher payouts and system robustness with smaller investments. Biogas market creation and scientific breakthroughs are needed to address the biogas technology challenges that India is currently facing. Otherwise, the country has immense potential for biogas technology. There is a need to use biogas technology and/or other renewable energy sources in combination for a bright energy future in India and globally.

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Fig. Potential social impact of biogas technology on Indian population[40]

In addition to climate change, biogas also has the potential to tackle environmental problems such as eutrophication, acidification, and air pollution [45]. The environment is affected by emissions of ammonia, nitrate and nitrite runoff from waste manure and manure use, which contribute to eutrophication and acidification. Borgesson has shown a significant reduction of these contributions, up to 97%, through the use of biogas technology [45]. When cooking, biogas stoves have higher combustion efficiencies than conventional biomass or fossil fuel (kerosene/LPG) stoves, and biogas stoves contribute the least to greenhouse gases.

Some of environmental benefits are listed down;

• CO2 reduction via fossil fuel substitution
• Land reclamation via forestry (development of biomass generating forest), community and farm lands.
• Biomass conservation to reduce pressure on trees and forests

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS

• Lighting and safe drinking water supply for 2,500 homes
• Supply of cooking fuel (biogas) to all households.
• Irrigation on at least half an acre for each household
• Development of agro-industrial units, employment and income generation empowerment
• Reducing the labor of women and children